Syllabus for M. Sc Mathematics Entrance 2013
Unit-I
ε-δ definition of the limit of
a function. Basic properties of limits. Infinitesimals; Definition with
examples. Theorems on infinitesimals. Comparing infinitesimals, Definition with
examples and related theorems. Principal part of an infinitesimal and related
theorems. Continuity and basic properties of continuous functions on closed
intervals. If a function is continuous in a closed interval, then it is bounded
therein. If a function is continuous in a closed interval [a, b], then it
attains its bounds at least once in [a,b]. Differentiation, Rolle’s theorem
with proof and its applications. Lagrange’s Mean value theorem and Cauchy’s
Mean value theorem with their applications.
Unit-II
Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s
theorem with their applications. Intermediate forms. Successive differentiation
with Leibnitz theorem.
Tangents and normals (polar
co-ordinates only). Pedal equations, length of arcs. Partial differentiation of
functions of two and three variables. Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.
Curvature, radius of curvature for Cartesian and polar coordinates, double
points, Asymptotes, Cartesian and polar coordinates, envelopes, involutes and
evolutes, tracing of curves( Cartesian coordinates only).
Unit-IIII
Review of complex number
system, triangle inequality and its generalization. Equation of circle
(Apollonius circle), Geometrical representation of complex numbers. De
Moivere’s theorem for rational index and its application. Expansion of Sin nθ,
Cos nθ etc. in terms of powers of Sin θ, Cos θ and expansion of Sinn θ and Cosn θ in terms of
multiple angles of Sinθ and Cosθ
Functions of complex variable.
Exponential, circular, Hyperbolic, Inverse hyperbolic and Logarithmic functions
of a complex variable and their properties. Summation of trigonometric series,
Difference method, C + iS method.
Unit-IV
Parabola: Equation of tangent
and normal, pole and polar, pair of tangents from a point, equation of a chord
of a parabola in terms of its middle point, parametric equations of a parabola.
Ellipse; Tangents and Normals, pole and polar, parametric equations of ellipse,
Diameters, conjugate diameters and their properties.
Hyperbola: Equations of
tangents and normals, equation of hyperbola referred to asymptotes as axes,
Rectangular and conjugate diameters and their properties. Tracing of conics
(Cartesian co-ordinates only).
The plane, Every first degree
equation in X,Y,Z represents a plane, Equation of plane in normal and
intercepts forms , and through points. Systems of planes, Two sides of a plane.
Bisectors of angles between two planes, joint equation of two planes, Volume of
a tetrahedron in terms of the co-ordinates of its vertices. Straight line.
Equation in symmetrical and unsymmetrical form. Equation of a straight line
through two points.
Transformation
of the equation of a line to the symmetrical form. The condition that two given
lines may intersect.
Unit-V
Sphere; Definition and equation
of a Sphere, condition for two spheres to be orthogonal. Radical plane. Coaxial
system. Simplified form of the equation of two spheres.
Definition of Cone, Vertex,
guiding curve, generator, equation of cone with vertex as origin or a given
vertex and guiding curve, condition that the general equation of the second
degree should represent a cone. Angle between generators of section of a cone
and plane through vertex. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a cone to
have three mutually perpendicular generators. Definition of a cylinder,
equation of the cylinder whose generators intersect a given conic and are
parallel to given line enveloping cylinder of a sphere. Central conicoids.
Tangent lines and tangent planes. Normal to conicoid at a point on it. Normal
from a point to a conicoid, polar plane. Shapes and features of the three
central coincides. Diametric planes. Generating lines of ruled surfaces.
Unit VI
Review of the methods of
integration, integration by substitution and by parts, integration of algebraic
rational functions; case of non-repeated or repeated linear factors. Case of
linear or quadratic non-repeated factors. Integration of algebraic rational
functions by substitution, integration of irrational functions, Reduction
formulae.
Review of the definite integral
as the limit of a sum. Summation of series with the help of definite integrals.
Quaderature. Area of a region bounded by a curve, X-axis (y-axis) and two
ordinates (abscissa), Sectorial areas bounded by a closed curve. Lengths of
plane curves. Volumes and surfaces of revolution.
Vector Analysis: Scalar and
vector product of three and four vectors. Reciprocal vectors. Vector functions
of a single scalar variable, limit of a vector function, continuity. Vector
Differentiation, Gradient, Divergence and curl. Vector integration. Theorems of
Gauss, Green, Stoke’s and problems based on these.
Unit-VII
Degree and order of a
differential equations. Equations of first order and first degree. Equations in
which the variables are separable. Homogeneous equations. Linear equations and
equations reducible to linear form. Bernoulli’s equations, Exact differential
equations, Symbolic operators. Linear differential equations with constant
coefficients. Differential equations of the forms f (D) y = Sin ax, eaxV, where V is
any function of x. Homogeneous linear equations.
Miscellaneous form of
differential equations. First order higher degree equations solvable for
x,y,z,p. Equations from which one variable is explicitly absent, Clairut’s
form, equations reducible to Clairut’s form. Legendre polynomials. Recurrence
relation and differential equation satisfied by it. Bessel functions,
recurrence relation and differential equation.
Unit-VIII
Symmetric, Skew-symmetric,
Hermition and skew-Hermition matrices, Diagonal, scalar and triangular
matrices, sum of matrices and properties of the addition composition.
Representation of a square matrix as a sum of a symmetric (Hermition) and a
skew-symmetric (Skew-Hermition) matrix. Representation of a square matrix in
the form of
P + iQ, where P and Q are both
Hermition.
Product of matrices. Transpose
of a product of two matrices and its generalization to several matrices.
Associative law for the product and Distributive law of matrices. Adjoint of a
square matrix A and relation A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I, Inverse of a square
matrix. Reversal law for the inverse of a product of two matrices and its
generalization to several matrices. A square matrix A possess an inverse if and
only if it is nonsingular. The operation of transposing and inverting are
commutative.
Trace of a matrix, trace of AB
= trace of BA, Inverse of partitioned matrices. Inverse of a lower triangular
matrices is lower triangular.
Unit-IX
Matrix polynomials,
Characteristic and minimal equations of a matrix. Cayley Hamilton theorem. Rank
of a matrix. Elementary row and column transformations of a matrix do not alter
its rank. Finding the inverse and rank of matrix by elementary transformations.
Reduction of matrix to normal form. Elementary matrices. Every non-singular
matrix is a product of elementary matrices. Employment of only row(column)
transformations. The rank of a product of two matrices. Linear dependence and
linear independence of column (row) vectors.
Linear combination: the columns
of a matrix A are linearly dependent iff there exists vector X≠ 0 such that AX=
0. The columns of a matrix A of order mxn are linearly dependent iff rank of A
is less than n. The matrix A has rank r iff it has r linearly independent
columns where as any s columns, s>r are linearly dependent. Analogous
results for rows. Linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations. The
equation AX= 0 has a non-zero solution iff rank of A is less than n, the number
of its columns. The number of linearly independent solutions of the equation
AX= 0 is (n-r) where r is the rank of mxn matrix A. The equation AX=B is
consistent iff the two matrices A and [A:B] are of the same rank.
Unit-X
General properties of
equations, synthetic division, Relation between the roots and the coefficients
of an equation, Transformation of equations, Diminishing the roots of an
equation by a given number, Removal of terms of an equation, Formation of
equations whose roots are functions of the roots of a given equation, Equations
of squared differences.
Symmetric functions, Newton’s
method of finding the sum of powers of the roots of an equation. Cardan’s
solution of the cubic, nature of the roots of a cubic, Descarts solution of a
biquaderatic. Descart’s rule of signs. Rational roots of integral polynomial.
Location of roots of an equation (simple cases).
Unit-XI
Real numbers: Bounded and
unbounded sets. L.u.b. (suprimum) and g.l.b.( infimum) of a set. Completeness
in the set of real numbers and statement of least upper bound property. The set
of rational numbers is not of order complete.
Definition of a Sequence;
Theorems on limit of sequences.Bounded and monotonic sequences. Cauchy’s
convergence criterian for sequences.Nested intervals theorem.
Balzano-Weirstrass theorem Limit inferior and limit superior of a sequence.
Series: Definition of
convergence, divergence, finite and infinite oscillation, Cauchy’s general
principle of convergence for series. Series of positive terms. Comparison test,
Integral test, Cauchy’s root test, D-Alembert’s ratio test, Rabee’s test and
Gauss test, Notions of absolute and conditional convergence. Some theorem on
continuity viz. If a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] then
the closed interval [a,b] can be divided into a finite number of subintervals
such that oscillation of f in each of the subintervals can be made arbitrarily
small. If a function is continuous on [a,b], and f(a) and f(b) are of opposite
in sign, then there is at least one point c in (a,b) such that f(c) = 0. The
intermediate value theorem. Darboux intermediate value theorem for derivative.
Unit-XII
Riemann- Integration: The
Riemann- Integral ,Definition and existence of the Riemann integral. Upper and
lower sums. Refinement of a partition. Under a refinement , the lower sums do
not decrease and upper sums do not increase. The necessary and sufficient
condition for integrability of bounded functions. Integrability of sum,
difference, product and quotient of two functions If f is bounded and
integrable on [a,b], then so is |f| and
≤ M (b-a). dx ) x(f dx )x(f ba
ba
A function f having a finite
number of points of discontinuity is Riemann- integrable . Integrability of
continuous and monotone functions. Fundamental theorem of integral calculus,
Mean Value theorem for integrals.
Unit-XIII
Advanced Calculus: Limit,
continuity and differentiability of functions of two or more variables. Total
and second derivatives. Sufficient conditions for validity of reversal in the
order of derivation. Schwartz’s theorem, Young’s theorem. Change of variables.
Extreme values of functions of two or more variables. Restricted maxima and
minima,
Curve linear integrals. Green’s
theorem, Beta, Gamma functions and relation between them. Multiple integrals:
Integral over the plane areas in xy-plane, double integrals, evaluation, change
of order of integration for two variables, double integrals in polar
co-ordinates, integral over regions in xyz-space, triple integrals, evaluation,
triple integrals in cylindrical and spherical polar co-ordinates, change of
variables, Jacobian.
Unit-XIV
Brief resume of sets and
mappings. Semi groups, subgroups and criteria for a subset to be a subgroup.
Cyclic groups and their subgroups. Cosets and Lagrange’s theorem. Product of
two subgroups. Counting principle for the number of elements in HK. Normilizer
and center.
Normal
subgroups and its various criteria; quotient groups. Homomorphism and
isomorphism. Fundamental theorem on homomorphism. Correspondence theorem, second
and third theorems of isomorphism for groups. Permutation groups , Even and odd
permutations, symmetric groups of degree n, Alternating group; simple groups.
Cayley’s theorem.
Unit-XV
Rings and fields: Definition
and examples of rings, Subrings and fields and subfields. Ring homomorphism ,
Ideals and Quotient rings. The field of quotients and integral domain.
Polynomial rings. Characterization of a ring. Prime and maximal ideal and their
characterization in terms of the associated quotient ring.
Vector spaces and their
examples, subspace, criteria for a vector space to be subspace, intersection
and sum of subspaces of a vector space. Quotient spaces.Homomorphisms and
Isomorphisms. Notion of linear independence and basis of a vector space.
Dimension of a vector space.
Linear transformation. Algebra of linear transformations. Dimension of the
space of linear transformations. Matrix of linear transformation.
Similarity of matrix
corresponding to a linear transformation with respect to different basis.
